On March 31, 2016, Muhammad, Munira T.; Khan, Khalid M.; Taha, Muhammad; Khan, Tariq; Hussain, Shafqat; Fakhri, Muhammad I.; Perveen, Shahnaz; Voelter, Wolfgang published an article.Safety of 2-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile The title of the article was New Facile, Eco-Friendly and Rapid Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes Using Bismuth Nitrate as Lewis Acid. And the article contained the following:
A facile, eco-friendly and rapid method for Knoevenagel condensations using bismuth nitrate as Lewis acid was presented. In a typical reaction, 1 mmol of aromatic aldehyde with 1.1 mmol of malanonitrile in the presence of bismuth nitrate (3 mmol%) was refluxed in water (10 mL) for 25-30 min. In order to generalize the newly developed methodol., a variety of aldehydes were selected to synthesize different trisubstituted alkenes and it was found that this method can also be applied on aromatic aldehydes. For comparison purposes, the reaction was carried out in ethanol in parallel to water and found that water is the best solvent for this reaction. The advantages of bismuth nitrate as a catalyst were: easy to remove from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, recyclable, required water as solvent, was eco-friendly and afforded high yields (90-97%). The experimental process involved the reaction of 2-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile(cas: 75629-62-8).Safety of 2-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile
The Article related to aryl aldehyde malononitrile bismuth nitrate catalyst knoevenagel condensation, arylidene malononitrile preparation green chem, Benzene, Its Derivatives, and Condensed Benzenoid Compounds: Hydrocarbons (Saturated and Unsaturated Side Chains) and other aspects.Safety of 2-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methylene)malononitrile
Referemce:
Nitrile – Wikipedia,
Nitriles – Chemistry LibreTexts